Table of Contents? i
Acknowledgements? vii
Abstract? ix
Chapter 1 General Introduction? 1
1.0. Introduction? 1
1.1. Cogtse Rgyalrong and Rgyalrongic Languages? 3
1.2. Prosody? 6
1.2.1. Intonation Unit (IU)? 7
1.2.2. Intonation? 8
1.2.3. Tone and Intonation? 9
1.3. Grammar in the IU? 11
1.4. General Research Questions? 12
1.5. The Data? 13
1.5.1. Spontaneous Narratives and Constructed Examples? 13
1.5.2. Data Collection and Consultants? 14
1.6. The Organization of the Book? 19
Chapter 2 Word Prosody? 21
2.0. Introduction? 21
2.1. Previous Analyses of Cogtse Word Prosody? 21
2.2. Typological and Analytical Problems with Pitch-Accent? 30
2.3. A Privative Interpretation of Cogtse Tone? 35
2.3.1. Surface-Melody 1? 37
2.3.2. Surface-Melody 2? 48
2 3 3. Grammatical Tonal Variations? 55
2.3.3.1. Tonal Modification Preserving the Two-Way Contrast? 56
2.3.3.1.1. Stem1-Stem2 Alternation? 56
2.3.3.1.2. Toned Clitics: Dual and Plural Cliticization? 60
2.3.3.1.3. Toneless Clitics? 66
2.3.3.2. Partial Tone Retention: Compounding? 67
2.3.3.3. Morphosyntactically-Assigned Tones? 68
2.3.3.3.1. Observational? 68
2.3.3.3.2. Indirect Evidential? 70
2.3.3.3.3. Vocative Case? 75
2.4. The Prosodic Phrase? 75
2.4.1. Phrasal Modifications: Type 1? 77
2.4.2. Phrasal Modifications: Type 2? 83
2.4.3. Phrasal Modifications: Type 3? 86
2 4 4. Phrasal Modifications: Type 4? 94
2.5. Summary and Discussion? 96
TABLE OF CONTENTS v iii
Chapter 3 Intonation Units: Segmentation and Intonation? 99
3.0. Introduction? 99
3.1. Labeling IU Boundaries? 100
3.1.1. Prosodic Criteria for IU-boundary Identification? 100
3.1.2. Inter-Rater Reliability Tests? 103
3.2. Intonational Analysis? 107
3.2.1. Phrasal Rules? 109
3.2.2. Prosodic Accent? 119
3.2.3. Boundary Tone? 124
3.3. Summary and Discussion? 139
Chapter 4 Intonation Units: Grammatical Structure? 143
4.0. Introduction? 143
4.1. Transcription System? 147
4.1.1. Review of Some Major Transcription Systems? 147
4.1.2. The Transcription System for Rgyalrong? 152
4.2. Methodology: Coding Grammatical Types of the IU? 156
4.3. Structural Types of the IU? 165
4.3.1. Non-Clausal IUs? 165
4.3.1.1. Nominal IUs? 165
4.3.1.2. Discourse Markers? 167
4.3.1.2.1. Connectives? 167
4.3.1.2.2. Pause Fillers? 168
4.3.1.2.3. Other Discourse Markers? 169
4.3.1.3. Adverbials? 170
4.3.1.4. Ideophone? 172
4.3.1.5. Onomatopoeics? 175
4.3.2. Clausal IUs? 176
4.3.2.1. Mono-Clausal IUs? 176
4.3.2.1.1. Fully Finite Clauses? 176
4.3.2.1.2. Nominalized Finite Clauses? 177
4.3.2.1.3. Non-Finite Clauses? 186
4.3.2.1.4. Relative Clauses? 190
4.3.2.1.5. Adverbial Clauses? 194
4.3.2.2. Multi-Clausal IUs? 196
4.3.2.2.1. Complex Sentences? 196
4.3.2.2.2. Sequential Sentences? 198
4.3.2.2.3. Juxtaposed Clauses? 198
4.3.2.2.4. Super-Complex Clausal IUs? 201
4.4. Distribution of Structural Types? 202
4.5. Discussion of the Results? 204
4.5.1. The Preferred Structural Type? 204
4.5.2. Complex IUs vs. the “One Clause per IU” Tendency? 205
4.6. Prosodic Correlations to Discourse and Grammar: Some Observations? 211
4.6.1. Extrapropositional Expressions? 211
4.6.2. Prosody-Grammar Correlation in the Quotative Construction? 214
4.7. Summary and Conclusion? 220
Chapter 5 Conclusion? 223
5.0. Introduction? 223
5.1. RQ1: How can Cogtse word prosody be best characterized?Is it tonal, pitch-accented, or both?? 225
5.2. RQ2: How does prosody organize speech into basic units?? 226
5.3. RQ3: What are the contour shapes observed on the Cogtse IU? How are they best described?? 226
5.4. RQ4: What is the relationship between tone and intonation?? 227
5.5. RQ5: What are the grammatical exponents of Cogtse IUs? What does the distribution of the structural types tell us about the grammatical organization of Cogtse natural speech?? 227
5.6. RQ6: Is there any salient correlation between prosody and grammatical or discourse functions?? 228
5.7. Contribution, Limitation, and Future Research? 229
REFERENCES? 233
Appendix: Three Cogtse Narratives? 253
