CHAPTER 0: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING 1



Section 0.1: Numbering and coding systems 2



Section 0.2: Digital primer 9



Section 0.3: Inside the computer 13



CHAPTER 1: THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLERS 23



Section 1.1: Microcontrollers and embedded processors 24



Section 1.2: Overview of the 8051 family 28



CHAPTER 2: 8051 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING 37



Section 2.1: Inside the 8051 38



Section 2.2: Introduction to 8051 Assembly programming 41



Section 2.3: Assembling and running an 8051 program 44



Section 2.4: The program counter and ROM space in the 8051 46



Section 2.5: 8051 data types and directives 49



Section 2.6: 8051 flag bits and the PSW register 52



Section 2.7: 8051 register banks and stack 55



CHAPTER 3: JUMP, LOOP, AND CALL INSTRUCTIONS 69



Section 3.1: Loop and jump instructions 70



Section 3.2: Call instructions 75



Section 3.3: Time delay for various 8051 chips 80



CHAPTER 4: I/OPORT PROGRAMMING 93



Section 4.1: 8051 I/O programming 94



Section 4.2: I/O bit manipulation programming 100



CHAPTER 5: 8051 ADDRESSING MODES 109



Section 5.1: Immediate and register addressing modes 110



Section 5.2: Accessing memory using various addressing modes 112



Section 5.3: Bit addresses for I/O and RAM 122



Section 5.4: Extra 128-byte on-chip RAM in 8052 131



CHAPTER 6: ARITHMETIC & LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS



AND PROGRAMS 139



Section 6.1: Arithmetic instructions 140



Section 6.2: Signed number concepts and arithmetic operations 150



Section 6.3: Logic and compare instructions 155



Section 6.4: Rotate instruction and data serialization 161



Section 6.5: BCD, ASCII, and other application programs 167



CHAPTER 7: 8051 PROGRAMMING IN C 181



Section 7.1: Data types and time delay in 8051 C 182



Section 7.2: I/O programming in 8051 C 188



Section 7.3: Logic operations in 8051 C 194



Section 7.4: Data conversion programs in 8051 C 199



Section 7.5: Accessing code ROM space in 8051 C 204



Section 7.6: Data serialization using 8051 C 209



CHAPTER 8: 8051 HARDWARE CONNECTION AND



INTEL HEX FILE 217



Section 8.1: Pin description of the 8051 218



Section 8.2: Design and test of DS89C4x0 trainer 224



Section 8.3: Explaining the Intel hex file 232



CHAPTER 9: 8051 TIMER PROGRAMMING



IN ASSEMBLY AND C 239



Section 9.1: Programming 8051 timers 240



Section 9.2: Counter programming 255



Section 9.3: Programming timers 0 and 1 in 8051 C 260



CHAPTER 10: 8051 SERIAL PORT PROGRAMMING



IN ASSEMBLY AND C 277



Section 10.1: Basics of serial communication 278



Section 10.2: 8051 connection to RS232 285



Section 10.3: 8051 serial port programming in Assembly 287



Section 10.4: Programming the second serial port 300



Section 10.5: Serial port programming in C 306



CHAPTER 11: INTERRUPTS PROGRAMMING



IN ASSEMBLY AND C 317



Section 11.1: 8051 interrupts 318



Section 11.2: Programming timer interrupts 322



Section 11.3: Programming external hardware interrupts 326



Section 11.4: Programming the serial communication interrupt 333



Section 11.5: Interrupt priority in the 8051/52 337



Section 11.6: Interrupt programming in C 340



CHAPTER 12: LCD AND KEYBOARD INTERFACING 351



Section 12.1: LCD interfacing 352



Section 12.2: Keyboard interfacing 363



CHAPTER 13: ADC, DAC, AND SENSOR INTERFACING 373



Section 13.1: Parallel and serial ADC 374



Section 13.2: DAC interfacing 398



Section 13.3: Sensor interfacing and signal conditioning 403



CHAPTER 14: 8051 INTERFACING TO EXTERNAL MEMORY 411



Section 14.1: Semiconductor memory 412



Section 14.2: Memory address decoding 422



Section 14.3: 8031/51 interfacing with external ROM 425



Section 14.4: 8051 data memory space 430



Section 14.5: Accessing external data memory in 8051 C 440



CHAPTER 15: 8051 INTERFACING WITH THE 8255 449



Section 15.1: Programming the 8255 450



Section 15.2: 8255 interfacing 458



Section 15.3: 8051 C programming for the 8255 462



CHAPTER 16: DS12887 RTC INTERFACING



AND PROGRAMMING 467



Section 16.1: DS12887 RTC interfacing 468



Section 16.2: DS12887 RTC programming in C 476



Section 16.3: Alarm, SQW, and IRQ features of the



DS12887 chip 479



CHAPTER 17: MOTOR CONTROL: RELAY, PWM, DC,



AND STEPPER MOTORS 491



Section 17.1: Relays and optoisolators 492



Section 17.2: Stepper motor interfacing 498



Section 17.3: DC motor interfacing and PWM 507



APPENDIX A: 8051 INSTRUCTIONS, TIMING, AND REGISTERS 523



APPENDIX B: BASICS OF WIRE WRAPPING 563



APPENDIX C: IC TECHNOLOGY AND SYSTEM DESIGN ISSUES 567



APPENDIX D: FLOWCHARTS AND PSEUDOCODE 587



APPENDIX E: 8051 PRIMER FOR X86 PROGRAMMERS 592



APPENDIX F: ASCII CODES 593



APPENDIX G: ASSEMBLERS, DEVELOPMENT RESOURCES,



AND SUPPLIERS 594



APPENDIX H: DATA SHEETS 596



INDEX 617